preoperative intraoperative and postoperative

stions to ensure understanding. Obtaining written informed consent, documenting the discussion comprehensively. Preoperative Preparation Additional measures include: Fasting guidelines: typically nil per os (NPO) aft

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intraoperative neurophysiology a comprehensive gu

ct, which is critical for voluntary motor function. Procedure Highlights: Transcranial electrical stimulation is applied over the motor cortex. Responses are recorded from muscles or peripheral nerves. Sudden loss or sig

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intraoperative and interventional echocardiograph

t findings for ongoing management. Challenges and Limitations While invaluable, intraoperative and interventional echocardiography come with challenges: Operator dependency: Requires skilled sonographers and cardiologists. Limited aco

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